class IO::Spec::Win32 is IO::Spec { }

Objects of this class are used not directly but as a sub-class specific to the platform Raku is running on via the $*SPEC variable, which will contain an object of the appropriate type.

NOTE: the IO::Spec::* classes provide low-level path operations. Unless you're creating your own high-level path manipulation routines, you don't need to use IO::Spec::*. Use IO::Path instead.

NOTE2: no special validation is done by these classes (e.g. check whether path contains a null character). It is the job of higher-level classes, like IO::Path, to do that.

Methods

method basename

Defined as:

method basename(Str:D $path --> Str:D)

Takes a path as a string and returns a possibly-empty portion after the last slash or backslash:

IO::Spec::Win32.basename("foo/bar/") .perl.say; # OUTPUT: «""␤» 
IO::Spec::Win32.basename("foo/bar\\").perl.say; # OUTPUT: «""␤» 
IO::Spec::Win32.basename("foo/bar/.").perl.say; # OUTPUT: «"."␤» 
IO::Spec::Win32.basename("foo/bar")  .perl.say; # OUTPUT: «"bar"␤»

method canonpath

Defined as:

method canonpath(Str() $path, :$parent --> Str:D)

Returns a string that is a canonical representation of $path. If :$parent is set to true, will also clean up references to parent directories. NOTE: the routine does not access the filesystem.

IO::Spec::Win32.canonpath("C:/foo//../bar/../ber").say;
# OUTPUT: «C:\foo\..\bar\..\ber␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.canonpath("C:/foo///./../bar/../ber").say;
# OUTPUT: «C:\foo\..\bar\..\ber␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.canonpath("C:/foo///./../bar/../ber", :parent).say;
# OUTPUT: «C:\ber␤»

method catdir

Defined as:

method catdir (*@parts --> Str:D)

Concatenates multiple path fragments and returns the canonical representation of the resultant path as a string. The @parts are Str objects and are allowed to contain path separators.

IO::Spec::Win32.catdir(<foo/bar ber perl>).say;
# OUTPUT: «foo\bar\ber\perl␤»

method catfile

Alias for catdir.

method catpath

Defined as:

method catpath (Str:D $volume, Str:D $dir, Str:D $file --> Str:D)

Concatenates a path from given volume, a chain of directories, and file. An empty string can be given for any of the three arguments. No attempt to make the path canonical is made. Use canonpath for that purpose.

IO::Spec::Win32.catpath('C:', '/some/dir', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «C:/some/dir\foo.txt␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.catpath('C:', '/some/dir', '').say;
# OUTPUT: «C:/some/dir␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.catpath('', '/some/dir', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «/some/dir\foo.txt␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.catpath('E:', '', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «E:foo.txt␤»

method devnull

Defined as:

method devnull(--> Str:D)

Returns the string "nul" representing the "Null device":

$*SPEC.devnull.IO.spurt: "foo bar baz";

method dir-sep

Defined as:

method dir-sep(--> Str:D)

Returns the string ｢\｣ representing canonical directory separator character.

IO::Spec::Win32.dir-sep.say; # OUTPUT: «\␤» 

method is-absolute

Defined as:

method is-absolute(Str:D $path --> Bool:D)

Returns True if the $path starts with a slash ("/") or backslash ("\"), even if they have combining character on them, optionally preceded by a volume:

say IO::Spec::Win32.is-absolute: "/foo";        # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.is-absolute: "/\x[308]foo"; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.is-absolute: ｢C:\foo｣;      # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.is-absolute: "bar";         # OUTPUT: «False␤»

method join

Defined as:

method join (Str:D $volume, Str:D $dir, Str:D $file --> Str:D)

Similar to catpath, takes two path fragments and concatenates them, adding or removing a path separator, if necessary, except it will return just $file if both $dir and $file are string '/' or if $dir is the string '.'. The first argument is ignored (it exists to maintain consistent interface with other IO::Spec types for systems that have volumes).

IO::Spec::Win32.join('C:', '/some/dir', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «C:/some/dir\and/more␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.join('C:', '.', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «C:foo.txt␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.join('C:', ｢\｣, '/').say;
# OUTPUT: «C:\␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.join('//server/share', ｢\｣, '/').say;
# OUTPUT: «//server/share␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.join('E:', '', 'foo.txt').say;
# OUTPUT: «E:foo.txt␤»

method path

Defined as:

method path(--> Seq:D)

Splits the value of %*ENV<PATH> (or %*ENV<Path> if the former is not set) on semicolons (";") and returns a Seq with each of the resultant parts, always adding element "." to the head. Removes all double quotes (") it finds.

%*ENV<PATH> = 'foo;"bar"/"ber"';
IO::Spec::Win32.path.perl.say; # OUTPUT: «(".", "foo", "bar/ber").Seq␤»

method rel2abs

Defined as:

method rel2abs(Str() $path, $base = $*CWD --> Str:D)

Returns a string representing $path converted to absolute path, based at $base, which defaults to $*CWD. If $base is not an absolute path, it will be made absolute relative to $*CWD, unless $*CWD and $base are the same.

say $*CWD;                                   # OUTPUT: «"C:\Users\camelia".IO␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: 'foo';          # OUTPUT: «C:\Users\camelia\foo␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: './';           # OUTPUT: «C:\Users\camelia␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: 'foo/../../';   # OUTPUT: «C:\Users\camelia\foo\..\..␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: '/foo/';        # OUTPUT: «C:\foo␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: 'foo', 'bar';   # OUTPUT: «C:\Users\camelia\bar\foo␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: './', '/bar';   # OUTPUT: «\bar␤» 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: '/foo/', 'bar'; # OUTPUT: «C:\foo␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Win32.rel2abs: 'foo/../../', 'bar';
# OUTPUT: «C:\Users\camelia\bar\foo\..\..␤» 

method rootdir

Defined as:

method rootdir(--> Str:D)

Returns string ｢\｣, representing root directory.

method split

Defined as:

method split(Cool:D $path --> List:D)

Splits the given $path into "volume", "dirname", and "basename" and returns the result as a List of three Pairs, in that order. The "volume" is always an empty string and exists for consistency with other IO::Spec classes.

IO::Spec::Win32.split('C:/foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume("C:"), :dirname("/foo"), :basename("bar.txt"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.split('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("/"), :basename("foo"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.split('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("/"), :basename("\\"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.split('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("."), :basename("."))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.split('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("."), :basename("."))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.split('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname(""), :basename(""))␤» 

method splitdir

Defined as:

method splitdir(Cool:D $path --> List:D)

Splits the given $path on slashes and backslashes.

IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('C:\foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("C:", "foo", "bar.txt")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "foo", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", "", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(".", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(".",)␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitdir('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("",)␤» 

method splitpath

Defined as:

method splitpath(Cool:D $path, :$nofile --> List:D)

Splits the given $path into a list of 3 strings: volume, dirname, and file. The volume is always an empty string, returned for API compatibility with other IO::Spec types. If :$nofile named argument is set to True, the content of the file string is undefined and should be ignored; this is a means to get a performance boost, as implementations may use faster code path when file is not needed.

IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('C:\foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("C:", "\\foo/", "bar.txt")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('C:\foo/bar.txt', :nofile).perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("C:", "\\foo/bar.txt", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "/foo/", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('/foo/', :nofile).perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "/foo/", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "///", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "./", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", ".")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Win32.splitpath('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", "")␤» 

method tmpdir

Defined as:

method tmpdir(--> IO::Path:D)

Attempts to locate a system's temporary directory by checking several typical directories and environmental variables. Uses current directory if no suitable directories are found.

Type Graph

Expand above chart

Routines supplied by class IO::Spec::Unix

IO::Spec::Win32 inherits from class IO::Spec::Unix, which provides the following routines:

(IO::Spec::Unix) method abs2rel

Defined as:

method abs2rel(IO::Path:D $path, IO::Path:D $base = $*CWD --> Str:D)

Returns a string that represents $path, but relative to $base path. Both $path and $base may be relative paths. $base defaults to $*CWD.

(IO::Spec::Unix) method basename

Defined as:

method basename(Str:D $path --> Str:D)

Takes a path as a string and returns a possibly-empty portion after the last slash:

IO::Spec::Unix.basename("foo/bar/") .perl.say; # OUTPUT: «""␤» 
IO::Spec::Unix.basename("foo/bar/.").perl.say; # OUTPUT: «"."␤» 
IO::Spec::Unix.basename("foo/bar")  .perl.say; # OUTPUT: «"bar"␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method canonpath

Defined as:

method canonpath(Str() $path, :$parent --> Str:D)

Returns a string that is a canonical representation of $path. If :$parent is set to true, will also clean up references to parent directories. NOTE: the routine does not access the filesystem, so no symlinks are followed.

IO::Spec::Unix.canonpath("foo//../bar/../ber").say;
# OUTPUT: «foo/../bar/../ber␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.canonpath("foo///./../bar/../ber").say;
# OUTPUT: «foo/../bar/../ber␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.canonpath("foo///./../bar/../ber", :parent).say;
# OUTPUT: «ber␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method catdir

Defined as:

method catdir (*@parts --> Str:D)

Concatenates multiple path fragments and returns the canonical representation of the resultant path as a string. The @parts are Str objects and are allowed to contain path separators.

IO::Spec::Unix.catdir(<foo/bar ber perl>).say; # OUTPUT: «foo/bar/ber/perl␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method catfile

Alias for catdir.

(IO::Spec::Unix) method catpath

Defined as:

method catpath ($, Str:D $part1, Str:D $part2 --> Str:D)

Takes two path fragments and concatenates them, adding or removing a path separator, if necessary. The first argument is ignored (it exists to maintain consistent interface with other IO::Spec|/type/IO::Spec types for systems that have volumes).

IO::Spec::Unix.catpath($, 'some/dir', 'and/more').say;
# OUTPUT: «some/dir/and/more␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method curdir

Defined as:

method curdir()

Returns a string representing the current directory:

say '.' eq $*SPEC.curdir; # OUTPUT: «True␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method curupdir

Defined as:

method curupdir()

Returns a none Junction of strings representing the current directory and the "one directory up":

say $*SPEC.curupdir;                  # OUTPUT: «none(., ..)␤» 
my @dirs = <. foo .. bar>;
say @dirs.grep(* eq $*SPEC.curupdir); # OUTPUT: «(foo bar)␤» 

Neither foo nor bar are equal to the representation of the current or parent directory, that is why they are returned by grep.

(IO::Spec::Unix) method devnull

Defined as:

method devnull(--> Str:D)

Returns the string "/dev/null" representing the "Null device":

$*SPEC.devnull.IO.spurt: "foo bar baz";

(IO::Spec::Unix) method dir-sep

Defined as:

method dir-sep(--> Str:D)

Returns the string "/" representing canonical directory separator character.

IO::Spec::Unix.dir-sep.say; # OUTPUT: «/␤» 

(IO::Spec::Unix) method extension

NOTE: Most users would want to use the higher-level routine IO::Path.extension instead of this lower-level version.

Defined as:

method extension(Str:D $path --> Str:D)

Takes a string representing a base name and returns the characters after the last dot ("."), or empty string if no dots are present. The routine makes no attempt to detect path separators and will return everything after the last dot.

$*SPEC.extension('foo.'      ).perl.say;  # OUTPUT: «""␤» 
$*SPEC.extension('foo.txt'   ).perl.say;  # OUTPUT: «"txt"␤» 
$*SPEC.extension('foo.tar.gz').perl.say;  # OUTPUT: «"gz"␤» 
$*SPEC.extension('foo'       ).perl.say;  # OUTPUT: «""␤» 
$*SPEC.extension('bar.foo/foo').perl.say; # OUTPUT: «"foo/foo"␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method is-absolute

Defined as:

method is-absolute(Str:D $path --> Bool:D)

Returns True if the $path starts with a slash ("/"), even if it has combining character on it:

say IO::Spec::Unix.is-absolute: "/foo";        # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.is-absolute: "/\x[308]foo"; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.is-absolute: "bar";         # OUTPUT: «False␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method join

Defined as:

method join ($, Str:D $dir, Str:D $file --> Str:D)

Similar to catpath, takes two path fragments and concatenates them, adding or removing a path separator, if necessary, except it will return just $file if both $dir and $file are string '/' or if $dir is the string '.'. The first argument is ignored (it exists to maintain consistent interface with other IO::Spec types for systems that have volumes).

IO::Spec::Unix.join($, 'foo', 'bar').say; # OUTPUT: «foo/bar␤» 
IO::Spec::Unix.join($, '/', '/').say;     # OUTPUT: «/␤» 
IO::Spec::Unix.join($, '.', 'foo').say;   # OUTPUT: «foo␤» 
say $*SPEC.join(True,".","/foo");         # OUTPUT: «/foo␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method path

Defined as:

method path(--> Seq:D)

Splits the value of %*ENV<PATH> on colons (":"), replaces empty parts with ".", and returns a Seq with each of the resultant parts. Returns an empty Seq if %*ENV<PATH> is not set or is an empty string.

%*ENV<PATH> = 'foo:bar/ber::foo:';
IO::Spec::Unix.path.perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("foo", "bar/ber", ".", "foo", ".").Seq␤»

(IO::Spec::Unix) method rel2abs

Defined as:

method rel2abs(Str() $path, $base = $*CWD --> Str:D)

Returns a string representing $path converted to absolute path, based at $base, which defaults to $*CWD. If $base is not an absolute path, it will be made absolute relative to $*CWD, unless $*CWD and $base are the same.

say $*CWD;                                  # OUTPUT: «"/home/camelia".IO␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: 'foo';          # OUTPUT: «/home/camelia/foo␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: './';           # OUTPUT: «/home/camelia␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: 'foo/../../';   # OUTPUT: «/home/camelia/foo/../..␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: '/foo/';        # OUTPUT: «/foo␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: 'foo', 'bar';   # OUTPUT: «/home/camelia/bar/foo␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: './', '/bar';   # OUTPUT: «/bar␤» 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: '/foo/', 'bar'; # OUTPUT: «/foo␤» 
 
say IO::Spec::Unix.rel2abs: 'foo/../../', 'bar';
# OUTPUT: «/home/camelia/bar/foo/../..␤» 

(IO::Spec::Unix) method rootdir

Defined as:

method rootdir(--> Str:D)

Returns string '/', representing root directory.

(IO::Spec::Unix) method split

Defined as:

method split(Cool:D $path --> List:D)

Splits the given $path into "volume", "dirname", and "basename" and returns the result as a List of three Pairs, in that order. The "volume" is always an empty string and exists for consistency with other IO::Spec classes.

IO::Spec::Unix.split('C:/foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("C:/foo"), :basename("bar.txt"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.split('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("/"), :basename("foo"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.split('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("/"), :basename("/"))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.split('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("."), :basename("."))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.split('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname("."), :basename("."))␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.split('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:volume(""), :dirname(""), :basename(""))␤» 

(IO::Spec::Unix) method splitdir

Defined as:

method splitdir(Cool:D $path --> List:D)

Splits the given $path on slashes.

IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('C:\foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("C:\\foo", "bar.txt")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "foo", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", "", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(".", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «(".",)␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitdir('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("",)␤» 

(IO::Spec::Unix) method splitpath

Defined as:

method splitpath(Cool:D $path, :$nofile --> List:D)

Splits the given $path into a list of 3 strings: volume, dirname, and file. The volume is always an empty string, returned for API compatibility with other IO::Spec types. If :$nofile named argument is set to True, the content of the file string is undefined and should be ignored; this is a means to get a performance boost, as implementations may use faster code path when file is not needed.

IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('C:\foo/bar.txt').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "C:\\foo/", "bar.txt")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('C:\foo/bar.txt', :nofile).perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "C:\\foo/bar.txt", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('/foo/').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "/foo/", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('/foo/', :nofile).perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "/foo/", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('///').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "///", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('./').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "./", "")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('.').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", ".")␤» 
 
IO::Spec::Unix.splitpath('').perl.say;
# OUTPUT: «("", "", "")␤» 

(IO::Spec::Unix) method tmpdir

Defined as:

method tmpdir(--> IO::Path:D)

Attempts to locate a system's temporary directory by checking several typical directories and environmental variables. Uses current directory if no suitable directories are found.

(IO::Spec::Unix) method updir

Defined as:

method updir()

Returns a string representing the directory one up from current:

say '..' eq $*SPEC.updir; # OUTPUT: «True␤»