Packages are nested namespaces of named program elements. Modules, classes, grammars, and others are types of packages. Like files in a directory, you can generally refer to named elements with their short-name if they are local, or with the longer name that includes the namespace to disambiguate as long as their scope allows that.

Names

A package name is anything that is a legal part of a variable name (not counting the sigil). This includes:

class Foo {
    sub zape () { say "zipi" }
    class Bar {
        method baz () { return 'Þor is mighty' }
        our &zape = { "zipi" };
        our $quux = 42;
    }
}
 
my $foo;                # simple identifiers 
say Foo::Bar.baz;       # calling a method; OUTPUT: «Þor is mighty␤» 
say Foo::Bar::zape;     # compound identifiers separated by ::; OUTPUT: «zipi␤» 
my $bar = 'Bar';
say $Foo::($bar)::quux; # compound identifiers with interpolations; OUTPUT: «42␤» 
$42;                    # numeric names 
$!;                     # certain punctuation variables 

:: is used to separate nested package names.

Packages do not really have an identity; they can be simply part of a module or class name, for instance. They are more similar to namespaces than to modules; with a module of the same name capturing the identity of a package if it exists.

package Foo:ver<0> {};
module Foo:ver<1> {};
say Foo.^ver; # OUTPUT: «1␤» 

The syntax allows the declared package to use a version, but as a matter of fact, it's dismissed; only modules and classes have an identity that might include auth and ver.

Package-qualified names

Ordinary package-qualified names look like this: $Foo::Bar::quux, which would be the $quux variable in package Foo::Bar; Foo::Bar::zape would represent the &zape variable in the same package.

Sometimes it's clearer to keep the sigil with the variable name, so an alternate way to write this is:

Foo::Bar::<$quux>

This does not work with the Foo«&zape» variable, since subs, by default, have lexical scope. The name is resolved at compile time because the variable name is a constant. We can access the rest of the variables in Bar (as shown in the example above) since classes, by default, have package scope.

If the name part before :: is null, it means the package is unspecified and must be searched for. Generally this means that an initial :: following the main sigil is a no-op on names that are known at compile time, though ::() can also be used to introduce an interpolation. Also, in the absence of another sigil, :: can serve as its own sigil indicating intentional use of a not-yet-declared package name.

Pseudo-packages

The following pseudo-package names are reserved at the front of a name:

MY	Symbols in the current lexical scope (aka $?SCOPE)
OUR	Symbols in the current package (aka $?PACKAGE)
CORE	Outermost lexical scope, definition of standard Perl
GLOBAL	Interpreter-wide package symbols, really UNIT::GLOBAL
PROCESS	Process-related globals (superglobals). The last place dynamic variable lookup will look.
COMPILING	Lexical symbols in the scope being compiled

The following relative names are also reserved but may be used anywhere in a name:

CALLER	Dynamic symbols in the immediate caller's lexical scope
CALLERS	Dynamic symbols in any caller's lexical scope
DYNAMIC	Dynamic symbols in my or any caller's lexical scope
OUTER	Symbols in the next outer lexical scope
OUTERS	Symbols in any outer lexical scope
LEXICAL	Dynamic symbols in my or any outer's lexical scope
UNIT	Symbols in the outermost lexical scope of compilation unit
SETTING	Lexical symbols in the unit's DSL (usually CORE)
PARENT	Symbols in this package's parent package (or lexical scope)
CLIENT	The nearest CALLER that comes from a different package

The file's scope is known as UNIT, but there are one or more lexical scopes outside of that corresponding to the linguistic setting (often known as the prelude in other cultures). Hence, the SETTING scope is equivalent to UNIT::OUTERS. For a standard Raku program SETTING is the same as CORE, but various startup options (such as -n or -p) can put you into a domain specific language, in which case CORE remains the scope of the standard language, while SETTING represents the scope defining the DSL that functions as the setting of the current file. When used as a search term in the middle of a name, SETTING includes all its outer scopes up to CORE. To get only the setting's outermost scope, use UNIT::OUTER instead.

Looking up names

Interpolating into names

You may interpolate a string into a package or variable name using ::($expr) where you'd ordinarily put a package or variable name. The string is allowed to contain additional instances of ::, which will be interpreted as package nesting. You may only interpolate entire names, since the construct starts with ::, and either ends immediately or is continued with another :: outside the parentheses. Most symbolic references are done with this notation:

my $foo = "Foo";
my $bar = "Bar";
my $foobar = "Foo::Bar";
$::($bar)              # lexically-scoped $Bar 
$::("MY::$bar")        # lexically-scoped $Bar 
$::("OUR::$bar")       # package-scoped $Bar 
$::("GLOBAL::$bar")    # global $Bar 
$::("PROCESS::$bar")   # process $Bar 
$::("PARENT::$bar")    # current package's parent's $Bar 
$::($foobar)           # $Foo::Bar 
@::($foobar)::baz      # @Foo::Bar::baz 
@::($foo)::Bar::baz    # @Bar::Bar::baz 
@::($foobar)baz        # ILLEGAL at compile time (no operator baz) 
@::($foo)::($bar)::baz # @Foo::Bar::baz 

An initial :: doesn't imply global; here as part of the interpolation syntax it doesn't even imply package. After the interpolation of the ::() component, the indirect name is looked up exactly as if it had been there in the original source code, with priority given first to leading pseudo-package names, then to names in the lexical scope (searching scopes outwards, ending at CORE). The current package is searched last.

Use the MY pseudopackage to limit the lookup to the current lexical scope, and OUR to limit the scopes to the current package scope.

In the same vein, class and method names can be interpolated too:

role with-method {
    method a-method { return 'in-a-method of ' ~ $?CLASS.^name  };
}
 
class a-class does with-method {
    method another-method { return 'in-another-method' };
}
 
class b-class does with-method {};
 
my $what-class = 'a-class';
 
say ::($what-class).a-method; # OUTPUT: «in-a-method of a-class␤» 
$what-class = 'b-class';
say ::($what-class).a-method; # OUTPUT: «in-a-method of b-class␤» 
 
my $what-method = 'a-method';
say a-class."$what-method"(); # OUTPUT: «in-a-method of a-class␤» 
$what-method = 'another-method';
say a-class."$what-method"(); # OUTPUT: «in-another-method␤»

Direct lookup

To do direct lookup in a package's symbol table without scanning, treat the package name as a hash:

Foo::Bar::{'&baz'}  # same as &Foo::Bar::baz 
PROCESS::<$IN>      # same as $*IN 
Foo::<::Bar><::Baz> # same as Foo::Bar::Baz 

Unlike ::() symbolic references, this does not parse the argument for ::, nor does it initiate a namespace scan from that initial point. In addition, for constant subscripts, it is guaranteed to resolve the symbol at compile time.

The null pseudo-package is the same search list as an ordinary name search. That is, the following are all identical in meaning:

$foo
::{'$foo'}
::<$foo>

Each of them scans the lexical scopes outward, and then the current package scope (though the package scope is then disallowed when "strict" is in effect).

Package lookup

Subscript the package object itself as a hash object, the key of which is the variable name, including any sigil. The package object can be derived from a type name by use of the :: postfix:

MyType::<$foo>

Class member lookup

Methods—including auto-generated methods, such as public attributes' accessors—are stored in the class metaobject and can be looked up through by the lookup method.

Str.^lookup('chars')

Globals

Interpreter globals live in the GLOBAL package. The user's program starts in the GLOBAL package, so "our" declarations in the mainline code go into that package by default. Process-wide variables live in the PROCESS package. Most predefined globals such as $*UID and $*PID are actually process globals.